How do photovoltaic cells primarily generate electricity?

Photovoltaic cells generate electricity primarily by converting sunlight directly into electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic effect, where photons from sunlight knock electrons loose from atoms within the solar cell material, typically silicon. When these free electrons are captured, they create an electric current.

Unlike methods that rely on heat exchange processes, fossil fuel combustion, or nuclear fission, photovoltaic cells harness sunlight directly. The efficiency of this conversion depends on various factors, including the material of the cells and the intensity of sunlight. This method makes solar energy a sustainable and renewable source of electricity, aligning well with environmental goals.